Direct Speech และ Reported Speech

Direct Speech และ Reported Speech
คู่มือแกรมมาร์เข้าใจง่าย

ความแตกต่างหลัก

Direct Speech: She said, "I am very tired."
Reported Speech: She said that she was very tired.

การเปลี่ยน Tense (Backshift)

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	ตัวอย่าง Direct	ตัวอย่าง Reported
Present Simple	Past Simple	“I like coffee.”	She said she liked coffee.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	“I am working.”	He said he was working.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	“I have finished.”	They said they had finished.
Past Simple	Past Perfect	“I bought a car.”	She said she had bought a car.
Will	Would	“I will call you.”	He said he would call me.
Can	Could	“I can swim.”	She said she could swim.
Must	Had to	“You must study.”	He told me I had to study.

ไม่ต้อง backshift เมื่อ:
• ข้อความยังจริงอยู่ทุกเมื่อ (The earth is round.)
• Reporting verb เป็น Present tense (says, tells, asks...)

การเปลี่ยนคำบอกเวลาและสถานที่

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
now	then / at that time
today	that day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
here	there
this / these	that / those
ago	before

รายงานคำถาม

Yes/No: “Are you ready?” → She asked if / whether I was ready.

Wh-: “Where are you going?” → He asked where I was going.

รายงานคำสั่ง / คำขอ

Command: “Open the door!” → He told me to open the door.
Negative: “Don’t touch it!” → She told us not to touch it.
Request: “Please wait.” → He asked me to wait.

Cheat Sheet – จำง่าย ๆ

มีเครื่องหมาย " " → Direct Speech
มี that / if / whether / what / to → Reported Speech
Reporting verb = past → Backshift tense (ส่วนใหญ่)
ปรับสรรพนาม + คำบอกเวลา/สถานที่
คำถาม → เปลี่ยนโครงสร้างเป็นประโยคบอกเล่า
คำสั่ง → to + infinitive / not to + infinitive

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